
CPI figures point to potentially persistent inflation pressures, according to Federal Reserve (Fed) Governor Michelle Bowman, who said that “CPI data suggests inflation pressures may persist.” She also stressed that “bringing inflation down remains a priority,” in her remarks.
Speaking at the Council on Foreign Relations, Bowman described a pick-up in economic growth and an improved labour market that is not contributing to inflation. She also characterised longer-term inflation expectations as “very well anchored.”

With inflation proving persistent and labour conditions strengthening, further work appears necessary.
As financial conditions have tightened, the Fed must assess the costs of further policy tightening.
Reducing inflation continues to be a priority.
Energy prices and AI-related demand likely drove a 3.3% rise in core PCE in October.
As shocks fade, core PCE is forecast to approach 2% next year.
This year has seen economic growth gather pace.
Inflation pressures may endure, judging by the CPI figures.
Financial stability risks are a focus if AI returns disappoint.
Despite improving, the labour market is not tight and is not contributing to inflation.
External funding is playing a growing role in financing AI development.
Expectations for longer-term inflation remain firmly anchored.
While inflation expectations are an important data point, they do not necessarily determine my thinking.
Before I could be confident that inflation will decline next year, I would need to see risks relating to AI and the Middle East ease.
Data on AI debt counterparties is being sought by the Fed.
Maintaining open communication with the Treasury is critically important.
I do not believe AI will deprive the US economy of jobs.
Alongside raising worker productivity, AI will generate new jobs and remove those that are less necessary.
Through its ongoing cybersecurity examinations of banks, the Fed has observed considerable attention to finding and patching vulnerabilities.
Of the major currencies listed, the Australian Dollar saw the largest gain by the US Dollar today. The table below sets out the US Dollar’s (USD) percentage changes against those currencies.
| USD | EUR | GBP | JPY | CAD | AUD | NZD | CHF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USD | 0.51% | 0.73% | 0.52% | 0.48% | 0.87% | 0.51% | 0.72% | |
| EUR | -0.51% | 0.21% | 0.02% | -0.03% | 0.35% | 0.01% | 0.21% | |
| GBP | -0.73% | -0.21% | -0.23% | -0.25% | 0.14% | -0.21% | 0.00% | |
| JPY | -0.52% | -0.02% | 0.23% | -0.03% | 0.35% | 0.00% | 0.20% | |
| CAD | -0.48% | 0.03% | 0.25% | 0.03% | 0.39% | 0.03% | 0.24% | |
| AUD | -0.87% | -0.35% | -0.14% | -0.35% | -0.39% | -0.35% | -0.14% | |
| NZD | -0.51% | -0.01% | 0.21% | -0.00% | -0.03% | 0.35% | 0.20% | |
| CHF | -0.72% | -0.21% | -0.00% | -0.20% | -0.24% | 0.14% | -0.20% |
Percentage movements between the major currencies are displayed in the heat map. Select the base currency in the left-hand column and the quote currency in the top row. Selecting the US Dollar on the left and following its row across to the Japanese Yen, for instance, gives the percentage change for USD (base)/JPY (quote) in the corresponding cell.
The Federal Reserve (Fed) sets US monetary policy with a dual mandate of maintaining stable prices and promoting full employment. Adjustments to interest rates are its main means of pursuing these objectives. If prices climb too rapidly and inflation exceeds the Fed’s 2% target, the central bank raises interest rates. Borrowing then becomes more expensive across the economy, while the US becomes a more attractive destination for international investment, strengthening the US Dollar (USD). Conversely, inflation below 2% or an excessively high unemployment rate may prompt the Fed to cut interest rates. By encouraging borrowing, such cuts put pressure on the Greenback.
At the Federal Reserve’s (Fed) eight annual policy meetings, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) reviews the economy and determines monetary policy. Twelve Fed officials take part: all seven members of the Board of Governors, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and four of the other eleven regional Reserve Bank presidents. These four presidents rotate through one-year terms.
When conditions are extreme, the Federal Reserve may turn to Quantitative Easing (QE) to substantially expand the flow of credit through a stalled financial system. This unconventional policy is deployed in crises or periods of extremely low inflation, and was the Fed’s preferred response during the Great Financial Crisis in 2008. Under QE, the Fed prints additional Dollars to purchase high-grade bonds from financial institutions. The US Dollar usually weakens as a result.
Usually supportive of the US Dollar’s value, quantitative tightening (QT) reverses QE. The Federal Reserve ceases bond purchases from financial institutions and, when bonds in its portfolio mature, does not use the repaid principal to buy new bonds.