
Monday's advance in the Dow Jones Industrial Average was heavily dependent on Goldman Sachs (GS), which contributed about seven out of every ten points gained. By the tenth five-minute bar, the index had reached close to 52,600. It subsequently surrendered about two-thirds of that rise at the session low near 52,250 before finishing below 52,400.

Goldman's 2% advance contributed about 105 points because the Dow weights constituents by share price, and Goldman, at about $890, is its highest-priced stock. Together, UnitedHealth (UNH) and Merck (MRK) subtracted about 70 points. That kept the Dow trailing the S&P 500, which gives technology shares a larger weighting.
Nvidia (NVDA) contributed about 30 points as Anthropic's Nasdaq listing filing outlined spending of up to $120.5 billion on computing powered by Nvidia chips. That filing also commits up to $114.5 billion to Google through 2033. Alphabet (GOOGL) declined about 1%, subtracting about 20 points from the Dow.
Futures imply about a 10% probability of a rate increase from 3.75%-4.00% ahead of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) decision, scheduled for 18:00 GMT on Wednesday. Fed Chair Warsh will hold his press conference at 18:30 GMT. Thursday's releases at 12:30 GMT include the September Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index (PCE) and third-quarter Gross Domestic Product (GDP), both of which have implications for a December hike.
Tuesday's earnings schedule starts with Boeing (BA), Coca-Cola (KO) and Sherwin-Williams (SHW) before the market opens, followed by Visa (V) after the close. On Wednesday, Microsoft (MSFT) and Alphabet release results after the Fed decision. Thursday brings reports from Merck and Caterpillar (CAT), which, at about $690, is the Dow's second-highest-priced stock. Chevron (CVX) reports on Friday.
About a quarter of the Dow's advance between the 1 October low near 50,500 and the 22 October high near 52,900 has now been retraced. The index nevertheless remains above its 50-day Exponential Moving Average (EMA), near 52,100. Around 4% higher lies the 5 August peak, just below 54,750. Since Thursday, daily momentum has eased from overbought levels.

Comprising the 30 most actively traded US stocks, the Dow Jones Industrial Average ranks among the world's oldest stock market indices. Share prices, rather than market capitalisation, determine its weightings. To calculate the index, the prices of its constituent stocks are added together and divided by a factor, currently 0.152. Its founder, Charles Dow, also established the Wall Street Journal. Over subsequent years, critics have questioned whether an index tracking just 30 conglomerates is sufficiently representative compared with broader benchmarks such as the S&P 500.
The combined performance of constituent companies, as disclosed in their quarterly earnings reports, is the principal influence on the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). Several other factors also matter. Macroeconomic releases from the US and abroad shape investor sentiment and, in turn, the index. Interest rates determined by the Federal Reserve (Fed) affect borrowing costs for corporations, many of which depend heavily on credit, and therefore influence the DJIA. Inflation can consequently be an important driver, alongside other indicators that inform Fed decisions.
Developed by Charles Dow, Dow Theory provides a framework for identifying the stock market's primary trend. It calls for comparing the direction of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) with that of the Dow Jones Transportation Average (DJTA), and following a trend only when both move in the same direction. Trading volume serves as confirmation, while analysis of peaks and troughs also forms part of the approach. The theory divides trends into three phases: accumulation, when smart money begins buying or selling; public participation, as the broader public joins the move; and distribution, when smart money exits.
Investors and traders can access the DJIA through several instruments. ETFs offer a way to trade it as one security without purchasing shares in each of its 30 constituent companies; the SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF (DIA) is a prominent example. Futures contracts allow traders to speculate on the index's future value. Options, meanwhile, confer the right, without any obligation, to buy or sell the index at a price agreed in advance for a future date. Through mutual funds, investors can purchase a share in a diversified portfolio of DJIA stocks, gaining exposure to the index as a whole.